Batch Code Obliteration Violates Trademark and Unfair Competition Laws by Causing "Likelihood of Consumer Confusion"
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چالش تعیین قانون حاکم بر مسئولیت مدنی ناشی از نقض قواعد حقوق رقابت با نگاهی به نظام اتحادیه اروپا
With effect from 11 January 2009, Europe has a new system of private international law in unfair competition and restriction in competition cases. The Rome II Regulation1 determines the applicable law in all civil and commercial actions to which it applies, in all courts of all members of the EU. This article is to canvass some aspects of the new phenomenon of conflict of laws in non-contra...
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Background and aim: The registration of trademarks related to pharmaceutical trademarks in the European ::union:: in comparison with other trademarks requires more complicated and longer procedure. Respecting health hazards posed by medicine errors, determination of an appropriate legal framework is of particular importance. This article addresses such difficulties and complicity, and reviews a...
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Questions of similarity and dissimilarity are central to both the study and practice of intellectual property law. Trademark law’s basic consideration in determinations of infringement is consumer confusion. Similarity of marks is a basic measure of the likelihood of confusion and the concept of confusion itself – the misidentification of one object with another – is, in some ways, a very basic...
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Considering abundant economic, moral and environmental effects of genetic engineering actions, method of protection shall be in way that considered economic, moral and environmental essentials are provided. For this purpose trademark system, unfair competition system, patent and contract system and ultimately patent system have been studied. Considering formal nature of patent system, it is the...
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The concept of consumer confusion has gained a considerable attention in consumer behavior literature during recent years. However,it is considered as a relatively new concept in marketing, particularly in businesses that provide intangible products such as tourism. This study aimed to investigate factors that potentially influence consumer confusion proneness in purchasing outbound package tou...
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تاریخ انتشار 2016